sábado, 9 de maio de 2009

Fertilização dos mares abre oceano de oportunidades para o comércio


Muitas propostas de salvar o planeta através da geoengenharia são extremamente caras e futuristas.

Uma das ideias mais simples, que já foi testada em pequena escala, é estimular o crescimento de plâncton - algas e plantas microscópicas - nos oceanos, aumentando a oferta de nutrientes.

Até hoje, uma dúzia de testes examinou os efeitos da fertilização do oceano com ferro. O último está ocorrendo nesta primavera no hemisfério norte: o experimento LohaFex, da Índia e da Alemanha. O navio de pesquisas Polarstern, com 48 cientistas a bordo, distribuiu 6 toneladas de ferro dissolvido por 300 quilômetros quadrados do oceano Polar Sul.

Até agora os resultados mostram que a fertilização com ferro estimula um crescimento espetacular das algas nas águas da camada superior. O que não está claro é se isso resulta no sequestro de CO2 em longo prazo - o que exigiria que uma proporção significativa das algas afundasse nas profundezas do oceano depois de mortas.

Várias companhias, como a americana Climos, esperam comercializar a fertilização com ferro do oceano, financiando a atividade com créditos de carbono dos esquemas de troca de emissões. Atualmente existe uma moratória internacional da fertilização oceânica comercial em grande escala, em reação a temores sobre seu impacto nos ecossistemas locais, mas testes científicos como o LohaFex são permitidos.

Embora o enfoque até agora tenha sido para a fertilização com ferro, sob os termos de que a escassez de nutrientes de ferro é o fator que limita o crescimento das algas nos oceanos abertos, também seria possível acrescentar fertilizantes de fósforo e nitrogênio.

Um estudo na Universidade de East Anglia (Inglaterra) publicado em janeiro chegou à conclusão surpreendente de que acrescentar compostos de fósforos (fosfatos) aos oceanos poderia ter um potencial em mais longo prazo para o sequestro de carbono do que acrescentar ferro ou nitrogênio.

Mesmo que não fertilizemos deliberadamente o oceano com fósforo, as atividades humanas - principalmente decorrentes de atividades agrícolas - já estão aumentando a quantidade de carbono preso nos oceanos.

Uma última possibilidade é acrescentar rochas de carbono esmagadas (calcário) aos oceanos. Isso teria o duplo benefício de aumentar o crescimento das algas e contrabalançar a crescente acidez dos oceanos, que muitos analistas consideram um dos mais perniciosos efeitos em longo prazo do aumento de CO2 na atmosfera.

O desafio de acrescentar calcário é encontrar uma maneira de fazê-lo de modo que não exija quantidades exorbitantes de energia para extrair, esmagar e transportar as rochas.


09/05/2009 - Financial Times - Clive Cookson - Editor de ciência
Tradução: Luiz Roberto Mendes Gonçalves
Fonte: Poral Uol - http://noticias.uol.com.br/midiaglobal/fintimes/2009/05/09/ult579u2800.jhtm

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